LEGAL REMEDIES FOR THE COLLECTION OF DEBTS IN TÜRKİYE
This Newsletter is presented to your information referring to our Newsletter regarding Temporary Share Certificates sent on 18 April 2025.
- Income Tax Implications for Share Transfers
Pursuant to Repeated Article 80/1 of the Income Tax Law numbered 193 (“ITL”) and the 232nd series of the Income Tax General Communique, capital gains (in Turkish, “değer artış kazancı”) derived from the sale of shares in joint stock companies (in Turkish, “Anonim Şirket”) by the Turkish full taxpayer (resident) individuals shall be exempt from income tax (levied at rates between 15% and 40%) provided that both of the following conditions are met:- The shares have been held in property by the seller for more than 2 (two) years, and
- The shares are represented by duly issued share certificates (in Turkish, “hisse senedi”) including temporary share certificates (in Turkish, “geçici ilmuhaber”).
It is important to note that this tax income exemption does not apply to capital gains derived from the sale of shares in a limited liability company (in Turkish, “limited şirket”), regardless of whether share certificates (in Turkish, “pay senedi”) have been issued.
Share transfers in a limited liability company by real persons are treated differently than those in joint stock companies. In such cases:
- The duration of shareholding is irrelevant, and
- The entire capital gain is subject to income tax at the time of sale.
There are no holding period exemptions for capital gains arising from the disposal of shareholder rights or partnership interests in a limited liability company. Therefore, the net gain exceeding the annual exemption threshold will be taxable in accordance with general income tax rules.
Where the individual has additional income to declare in the annual income tax return, all income (including capital gains) will be aggregated and taxed at progressive rates.
- VAT Exemption on Share Transfers
Under Article 17/4-g of the Value Added Tax Law numbered 3065 (“VAT Law”):- The transfer of shares in a joint stock company that are represented by share certificates (including temporary share certificates), is exempt from value-added tax (“VAT”).
- Individuals are not considered VAT taxpayers unless they are engaged in a continuous commercial activity in their own name. Therefore, when a real person transfers shares in a joint stock company or a limited liability company, such transaction will not be subject to VAT, provided it does not constitute continuous commercial activity.
In addition, under Article 17/4-r of the VAT Law;
- The transfer of shares held in subsidiaries by a company for at least 2 (two) full years,
- The transfer of immovable property and equity participations by debtors or guarantors to banks, financial leasing companies, or finance companies as debt settlement (including sales via auction),
- And the subsequent transfer of such assets by these financial institutions,
are all exempt from VAT.
- Tax Planning Consideration: Share Certificate IssuanceFrom a tax planning perspective, the issuance of share certificates (including temporary certificates) in a joint stock company may be a strategic measure to optimize secure the income tax exemption available under the ITL. As such, in any upcoming transactions involving share transfers, particularly in joint stock companies, it is highly recommended to consult your tax advisor to assess the most efficient structure from a legal and tax perspective.
Please do not hesitate to contact our Tax & Legal team for further details or tailored advice on your specific transactions.
This Newsletter has been prepared to provide guidance on the legal procedures for the collection of outstanding debts.
Persons or legal entities unable to recover their receivables are entitled to pursue two distinct legal remedies.
The first legal remedy available to a creditor is to file a debt collection lawsuit against the debtor. For certain claims regarding the payment of debts, it is mandatory to apply to mediation before filing a lawsuit. Mandatory mediation constitutes a procedural requirement for such disputes. The claims for which mediation is a prerequisite for filing a lawsuit are regulated and limited by specific laws. If the court rules in favor of the creditor, the judgment may be enforced through proceedings for the execution of a court decree.
The alternative legal remedy is to initiate non-judicial enforcement proceedings directly based on the creditor’s claim without obtaining a prior court judgment.
However, as a first step, we advocate for sending a formal notice of demand to the debtor via a notary public. In such notices, the debtor is provided with the creditor’s bank account details and granted a specific period to make payment. This approach aims to secure the collection of the debt through a warning notification before initiating legal proceedings.
In parallel, pursuant to Article 35/A of the Attorneyship Law No. 1136, attorneys are authorized to invite the parties to reach a settlement in cases and disputes before a lawsuit is filed or after a lawsuit has been filed but before the commencement of hearings. Settlement minutes signed jointly by the parties and their attorneys have the same legal effect as a court judgment and may be directly subjected to enforcement proceedings as if they were a court decision. This method offers a practical and effective solution for the collection of receivables without the need to initiate formal litigation.
Engaging the services of a legal professional in initiating and managing these procedures is strongly recommended, as it serves to expedite the resolution process. Furthermore, legal representation facilitates the effective enforcement of receivables and safeguards against potential loss of rights.
It is also important to note that the debtor’s financial situation is crucial when determining the appropriate legal remedy, as legal proceedings may prove ineffective if the debtor, whether an individual or a company, is insolvent. In this regard, conducting a preliminary assessment of the debtor’s financial status will be beneficial.
Our Law Firm remains at your disposal for any further clarifications you may need.
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